Comfort

FX 1 is a lightweight aluminum hybrid bike that looks great and feels just as good to ride. It has lots of gears so you can cruise any terrain comfortably, and powerful disc brakes that give you confident stopping power, rain or shine. It's perfect for anyone looking to get out more, do a bit of exercise, or commute to work on a versatile bike backed by a lifetime warranty. It's right for you if... You want to ride more, and you're looking for performance where it really counts: a lightweight frame, a wide gear range, strong wheels, and great stopping power. You also want great value alongside the confidence of Trek's lifetime warranty. The tech you get A lightweight aluminum frame with internal cable routing for clean looks and protection from the elements, 16 speeds with a wide range of gearing so you can always find the right gear for your terrain, and disc brakes for stopping power in all weather conditions. Plus, strong double-walled tires and frame mounts that make it easy to accessorize your ride. The final word FX 1 is a cool and versatile hybrid bike at an unbeatable price. It's built with a lightweight aluminum frame and reliable parts like sturdy wheels and disc brakes that stop on a dime in any weather. It’s perfectly suited to a variety of uses, from casual riding to exercising and commuting. Why you'll love it - This bike brings families together and helps you enjoy time outside - More confident braking means bad weather doesn't have to keep you from enjoying your ride - It's versatile and does whatever you want it to do, whether that's riding for fitness, commuting, or cruising to the farmer's market to pick up groceries - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by a lifetime warranty and supported by a wide network of retail partners

FX 2 Midstep is a stylish and versatile hybrid bike with a classic step-through frame geometry that's easier to mount and dismount. Exercise, commute, or ride for fun with the wide range of speeds, reliable disc brakes that let you stop on a dime, and loads of mounts for accessories.

FX 2 is a stylish and versatile hybrid bike for riding all around town. Exercise, commute, or ride for fun with the wide range of speeds, reliable disc brakes that let you stop on a dime, and loads of mounts for accessories.

Verve 1 Lowstep is an introductory hybrid bike designed for comfort and confidence on recreational rides. It has a lowstep frame that makes it easy to mount and dismount, disc brakes that provide stopping power in any weather, and wide tires for extra stability. This ride is dependable, affordable, and full of features that make for comfortable everyday adventures. ITS RIGHT FOR YOU IF… Comfort is king. You want to ride roads and paths on a bike that keeps you in a more upright posture and has comfort-forward details like a padded seat, a lowstep geometry, and the widest, most stable tires in the hybrid bike family. THE TECH YOU GET A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a lowstep design that makes it especially easy to mount and dismount, 16 speeds to help you conquer varied terrain, ergonomic grips, a Bontrager padded saddle, wide 45c tires for added stability, powerful disc brakes, and a geometry that keeps you in a comfortable, upright riding posture. THE FINAL WORD Verve 1 Lowstep delivers quality comfort at an unbeatable value. The lightweight frame, impressive braking power, durable parts, and comfort-forward design make this bike a great choice for anyone who wants to get more enjoyment out of recreational rides. WHY YOU'LL LOVE IT - Verve's upright geometry puts you in the perfect position to see the world around you - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - This bike brings people together—attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - You can pair Verve with your smartphone and send your ride data to your favorite fitness app when you add DuoTrap S - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 2 Disc is a hybrid bike designed for comfort and fun on commutes, cruises, and fitness rides. It has a lot of thoughtful features that make for a confident and comfortable ride, like a suspension seatpost, padded saddle, and disc brakes that perform in any weather. It's right for you if... You're ready to get outside more, and want a hybrid bike with comfort-minded details, a wide range of gears for hills, powerful brakes, and enough versatility to conquer commutes, workouts, and more. The tech you get A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a reliable drivetrain with 24-speeds so you'll never have to pedal too hard or too soft, powerful disc brakes, an adjustable stem, a padded saddle, wide tires for extra stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and a geometry that keeps you in a comfortable, upright riding posture. The final word Verve 2 Disc is a comfortable hybrid with impressive braking power and durable parts that will hold up mile after mile. It's a great bike for a range of recreational riders, from first-timers and commuters to veteran riders looking to get back in the saddle. Why you'll love it - It has a host of design details that make a huge difference in comfort, like a suspension seatpost and adjustable stem - Verve's upright geometry puts you in the perfect position to see the world around you - This bike brings people together—attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 2 Disc is a hybrid bike designed for comfort and fun on commutes, cruises, and fitness rides. It has a lot of thoughtful features that make for a confident and comfortable ride, like a suspension seatpost, padded saddle, and disc brakes that perform in any weather. It's right for you if... You're ready to get outside more, and want a hybrid bike with comfort-minded details, a wide range of gears for hills, powerful brakes, and enough versatility to conquer commutes, workouts, and more. The tech you get A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a reliable drivetrain with 9 speeds so you'll never have to pedal too hard or too soft, powerful disc brakes, an adjustable stem, a padded saddle, wide tires for extra stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and a geometry that keeps you in a comfortable, upright riding posture. The final word Verve 2 Disc is a comfortable hybrid with impressive braking power and durable parts that will hold up mile after mile. It's a great bike for a range of recreational riders — from first-timers and commuters to veteran riders looking to get back in the saddle. Why you'll love it - It has a host of design details that make a huge difference in comfort, like a suspension seatpost and adjustable stem - Verve's upright geometry puts you in the perfect position to see the world around you - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - You can pair Verve with your smartphone and send your ride data to your favorite fitness app when you add DuoTrap S - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 2 Disc Lowstep is a hybrid bike designed for comfort and fun on commutes, cruises, and fitness rides. It has a lot of thoughtful features that make for a confident and comfortable ride, like a lowstep geometry that makes it easy to mount and dismount, a suspension seatpost, and disc brakes that perform in any weather. IT'S RIGHT FOR YOU IF… You're ready to get outside more, and want a hybrid bike with comfort-minded details, a wide range of gears for hills, powerful brakes, and enough versatility to conquer commutes, workouts, and more. THE TECH YOU GET A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a lowstep design that makes it especially easy to mount and dismount, a reliable Shimano CUES drivetrain with 9 speeds so you'll never have to pedal too hard or too soft, powerful disc brakes, an adjustable stem, a padded saddle, wide tires for extra stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and a geometry that keeps you in a comfortable, upright riding posture. THE FINAL WORD Verve 2 Disc Lowstep is a comfortable hybrid with impressive braking power and durable parts that will hold up mile after mile. It's a great bike for a range of recreational riders, from first-timers and commuters to veteran riders looking to get back into the saddle. WHY YOU'LL LOVE IT - It has a host of design details that make a huge difference in comfort, like a suspension seatpost and adjustable stem - This bike brings people together — attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 3 Disc is an easy-riding hybrid bike designed for comfort on roads, paths, and city streets. The highest-end model in the Verve family features an upgraded drivetrain, stable puncture-resistant tires, and vibration-reducing handlebars and grips that make your ride even more comfortable. It's right for you if... You want a bike that will take you wherever you want to go, and keep you comfortable on every ride. You're interested in trying some longer rides for fitness or commuting and want dependable parts and an overall ride quality that makes you smile every time you hop on the saddle. The tech you get A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a wide-range Shimano drivetrain with 18 speeds, powerful disc brakes, wide 45c puncture-resistant tires for extra confidence and stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and an IsoZone handlebar and grips that absorb bumps from the road. The final word The top-shelf model in the Verve family is fast and comfortable. It has a wide range of gearing for whatever climbs you encounter on your ride, disc brakes that stop in any weather, and design details that keep you comfortable on longer fitness rides and commutes. Why you'll love it - This hybrid combines great comfort features with an upgraded road bike-style drivetrain that's lighter and better geared for performance - Verve's upright geometry puts you in the perfect position to see the world around you - This bike brings people together—attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 3 Disc Lowstep is an easy-riding hybrid bike designed for comfort on roads, paths, and city streets. The highest-end model in the Verve family features a 10-speed Shimano CUES drivetrain, stable puncture-resistant tires, and vibration-reducing handlebars and grips that make your ride even more comfortable. Plus, the lowstep design makes this bike super easy to hop on and off. IT'S RIGHT FOR YOU IF… You want a bike that will take you wherever you want to go, and keep you comfortable on every ride. You're interested in trying some longer rides for fitness or commuting and want dependable parts and an overall ride quality that makes you smile every time you hop on the saddle. THE TECH YOU GET A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a lowstep design that's especially easy to mount and dismount, a 1x10 Shimano CUES drivetrain with a wide range of gearing, powerful disc brakes, wide 45c puncture-resistant tires for extra confidence and stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and an IsoZone handlebar with grips that absorb bumps from the road. THE FINAL WORD Verve 3 Lowstep is the top-shelf model in the Verve family, here to deliver speed and comfort. It has a wide range of gearing for whatever climbs you encounter on your ride, disc brakes that stop in any weather, and it's equipped with design details that keep you comfortable on longer fitness rides and commutes. WHY YOU'LL LOVE IT - This hybrid combines great comfort features with an upgraded road bike-style drivetrain that's lighter and better geared for performance - The 1x drivetrain gives you all the gears you need and none you don’t - This bike brings people together — attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - Disc brakes perform well in any weather, let you slow down or stop faster, and require less effort to activate than rim brakes - Like every Trek hybrid, it's backed by Trek's Lifetime warranty, which means you get a companion for life

Verve 3 Disc is an easy-riding hybrid bike designed for comfort on roads, paths, and city streets. The highest-end model in the Verve family features a Shimano CUES 10-speed drivetrain, stable puncture-resistant tires, and vibration-reducing handlebars and grips that make your ride even more comfortable. It's right for you if... You want a bike that will take you wherever you want to go, and keep you comfortable on every ride. You're interested in trying some longer rides for fitness or commuting and want dependable parts and an overall ride quality that makes you smile every time you hop on the saddle. The tech you get A lightweight aluminum frame with mounts for a rack and fenders, a 1x10 Shimano CUES drivetrain with a wide range of gearing, powerful disc brakes, wide 45c puncture-resistant tires for extra confidence and stability, a road-smoothing suspension seatpost, and an IsoZone handlebar with grips that absorb bumps from the road. The final word The top-shelf model in the Verve family is fast and comfortable. It has a wide range of gearing for whatever climbs you encounter on your ride, disc brakes that stop in any weather, and design details that keep you comfortable on longer fitness rides and commutes. Why you'll love it - This hybrid combines great comfort features with an upgraded road bike-style drivetrain that's lighter and better geared for performance - The 1x drivetrain gives you all the gears you need and none you don’t - Verve's upright geometry puts you in the perfect position to see the world around you - This bike brings people together — attach a trailer and tow your kids, meet up with friends to cruise the bike path, or commute to the office with coworkers - You can pair Verve with your smartphone and send your ride data to your favorite fitness app when you add DuoTrap S

The Streamway is all about knocking down barriers. If traditional bicycles with limited stand-over clearance take the fun out of riding for you, the Streamway is here to help. We removed the traditional top tube found on most bikes to create a wide open step-through area for easy on and off the bike access. It's ready to handle trips to the market, coffee shop, and bike paths in your neighborhood. - Lightweight 6061 aluminum easy step-through frame - Alloy crankset with sealed cartridge bottom bracket - Alloy rims with stainless steel spokes - 26 x 2.25" tires - Classic city handlebar and adjustable angle alloy stem - Sun comfort saddle - Steel chain guard and plastic fenders - Alloy kickstand Weight: - Bike Weight: 32 Lbs. - Recommended Fit: 5'2 to 5'8" - Rider Weight Limit: 250 Lbs.

Everything you need to tap into the pure and simple joy of riding a bike. With its comfortable rider position, 8-speed gearing and wide, smooth-rolling tires, Vida will get you spinning with a smile on your face. It has disc brakes for smooth stopping power, plus a comfortable saddle and grips.

Everything you need to tap into the pure and simple joy of riding a bike. With its comfortable rider position, 8-speed gearing and wide, smooth-rolling tires, Vida will get you spinning with a smile on your face. It has disc brakes for smooth stopping power, plus a comfortable saddle and grips.

Premium Lightweight Alloy Frame - Durable ALUXX aluminum frameset features mid-step or low step-through design. Integrated Stem - Short stem provides better control Comfortable Saddle - Selle Royal Saddle offers a smooth and pleasant ride Disc Brakes - Powerful braking performance for maximum control in all conditions Grippy Tires - High-volume 2.4-inch tires provide a smooth ride experience Wide Gear Range - 8-Speed drivetrain for hilly terrain

PEDAL TO WORK, MEET FRIENDS FOR COFFEE OR BUILD UP FITNESS ON THE BIKE PATH. THE ALIGHT FITS RIGHT INTO A FUN, HEATHY LIFESTYLE. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Casual Comfort An upright riding position and flat handlebars make commuting or a casual spin comfortable without compromising efficiency. Fun Fitness The lightweight, balanced geometry of the ALUXX-grade aluminum frame provides an energizing combination of speed and stability. Stylish Versatility Equipped with integrated mounts for racks, fenders or panniers, this bike blends urban style and road bike agility.

Pedal to work, meet friends for coffee or build up fitness on the bike path. The Alight fits right into a fun, heathy lifestyle. Casual Comfort An upright riding position and flat handlebars make commuting or a casual spin comfortable without compromising efficiency. Fun Fitness The lightweight, balanced geometry of the ALUXX-grade aluminum frame provides an energizing combination of speed and stability. Stylish Versatility Equipped with integrated mounts for racks, fenders or panniers, this bike blends urban style and road bike agilit

Pedal to work, meet friends for coffee, or build up fitness on the bike path. The Alight fits right into a fun, healthy lifestyle. Key Performance Factors Casual Comfort An upright riding position and flat handlebars make commuting or a casual spin comfortable without compromising efficiency. Fun Fitness The lightweight, balanced geometry of the ALUXX-grade aluminum frame provides an energizing combination of speed and stability. Stylish Versatility Equipped with integrated mounts for racks, fenders or panniers, this bike blends urban style and road bike agility.

Cruise in style and comfort with the Flourish Disc—the perfect companion for running errands or cruising with friends. With its lightweight design, easy handling, and reliable disc brakes, you'll feel confident and carefree on every adventure. Choose from a variety of models that feature trendy colors and must-have accessories, all designed to complement your unique style and enhance your riding experience. Confidence-inspiring - Enjoy a seamless ride with the Flourish’s lightweight and durable aluminum frame that features an effortless step-through design, as well as dependable disc brakes that ensure safe and secure stopping power in any weather or road condition. Comfortable Cruising - Ride in comfort and control with pressure-relieving grips and the Selle Royal Essenza+ saddle, which offer support and reduce the impact of bumpy roads and paved paths. Fully Equipped - Experience a carefree ride with a complete set of accessories, including fenders that block debris, a kickstand for easy parking, a chain cover that keeps your clothes spotless, and a hem weight that keeps your outfit secure when riding.

Make ordinary trips around town more fun and stylish with Flourish. Easy Breezy The lightweight ALUXX-Grade aluminum frame with a classy step-through design makes zipping around town simple. Comfort A cushioned spring seat and upright geometry smooth out city bumps for a relaxed yet stable ride. Stylish Versatility Equipped with a chain cover and integrated fenders on select models, this bike blends urban style with a lightweight ease. Why We Love It With a functional, yet elegant design and a lightweight aluminum frame that’s designed specifically for women, Flourish takes you from the market to the city center with ease. The wide gear range lets you find your happy place on flat roads and hills. A cushioned spring saddle helps smooth out rough roads, and stylish, comfortable grips add the finishing touch. The step-through design makes it quick and easy to hop on and off the bike once you’re at your destination. Select models offer integrated lighting, fenders, and a full chainguard to protect you from dirt or road debris in any kind of weather, plus baskets and racks to carry your essentials.

Cruise in style and comfort with the Flourish Disc—the perfect companion for running errands or cruising with friends. With its lightweight design, easy handling, and reliable disc brakes, you'll feel confident and carefree on every adventure. Choose from a variety of models that feature trendy colors and must-have accessories, all designed to complement your unique style and enhance your riding experience. Confidence Inspiring Enjoy a seamless ride with the Flourish's lightweight and durable aluminum frame that features an effortless step-through design, as well as dependable disc brakes that ensure safe and secure stopping power in any weather or road condition. Comfortable Cruising Ride in comfort and control with pressure-relieving grips and the Selle Royal Essenza+ saddle, which offer support and reduce the impact of bumpy roads and paved paths. Fully Equipped Experience a carefree ride with a complete set of accessories, including fenders that block debris, a kickstand for easy parking, a chain cover that keeps your clothes spotless, and a hem weight that keeps your outfit secure when riding.

Cruise in style and comfort with the Flourish Disc—the perfect companion for running errands or cruising with friends. With its lightweight design, easy handling, and reliable disc brakes, you'll feel confident and carefree on every adventure. Choose from a variety of models that feature trendy colors and must-have accessories, all designed to complement your unique style and enhance your riding experience. Confidence-inspiring - Enjoy a seamless ride with the Flourish’s lightweight and durable aluminum frame that features an effortless step-through design, as well as dependable disc brakes that ensure safe and secure stopping power in any weather or road condition. Comfortable Cruising - Ride in comfort and control with pressure-relieving grips and the Selle Royal Essenza+ saddle, which offer support and reduce the impact of bumpy roads and paved paths. Fully Equipped - Experience a carefree ride with a complete set of accessories, including fenders that block debris, a kickstand for easy parking, a chain cover that keeps your clothes spotless, and a hem weight that keeps your outfit secure when riding.

Cruise in style and comfort with the Flourish Disc—the perfect companion for running errands or cruising with friends. With its lightweight design, easy handling, and reliable disc brakes, you'll feel confident and carefree on every adventure. Choose from a variety of models that feature trendy colors and must-have accessories, all designed to complement your unique style and enhance your riding experience. Confidence Inspiring Enjoy a seamless ride with the Flourish's lightweight and durable aluminum frame that features an effortless step-through design, as well as dependable disc brakes that ensure safe and secure stopping power in any weather or road condition. Comfortable Cruising Ride in comfort and control with pressure-relieving grips and the Selle Royal Essenza+ saddle, which offer support and reduce the impact of bumpy roads and paved paths. Fully Equipped Experience a carefree ride with a complete set of accessories, including fenders that block debris, a kickstand for easy parking, a chain cover that keeps your clothes spotless, and a hem weight that keeps your outfit secure when riding.

Main street, side streets or forest trails. Your choices are limitless with the versatile Rove. Key Performance Factors: Dirt-Road Ready A suspension fork offers more comfort and control when you leave the pavement for gravel and trails. Stability and Control Responsive, reliable disc brakes help you keep your speed in check, even in wet weather. Useful Integrated mounts let you attach a rear cargo rack, and the low standover height makes getting on and off less a hassle when you’re running errands by bike.

Riding the Rove is like catching up with an old friend — comfortable, reliable, and always up for an adventure. Whether you're cruising through the city, exploring country trails, or just taking the scenic route home, the Rove is right there with you. Key Performance Factors Trail Tamer Equipped with a suspension fork, the Rove provides extra comfort and control, ready to tackle gravel and trails the moment you venture off the beaten path. Confident Cruiser Thanks to responsive, reliable disc brakes, you'll always have speed management at your fingertips, rain or shine. Practical Partner With integrated mounts for a rear cargo rack and a low standover height for easy mounting and dismounting, the Rove turns bike errands into a hassle-free experience.

Riding the Rove is like catching up with an old friend — comfortable, reliable, and always up for an adventure. Whether you're cruising through the city, exploring country trails, or just taking the scenic route home, the Rove is right there with you. Key Performance Factors Trail Tamer Equipped with a suspension fork, the Rove provides extra comfort and control, ready to tackle gravel and trails the moment you venture off the beaten path. Confident Cruiser Thanks to responsive, reliable disc brakes, you'll always have speed management at your fingertips, rain or shine. Practical Partner With integrated mounts for a rear cargo rack and a low standover height for easy mounting and dismounting, the Rove turns bike errands into a hassle-free experience.

Riding the Rove is like catching up with an old friend — comfortable, reliable, and always up for an adventure. Whether you're cruising through the city, exploring country trails, or just taking the scenic route home, the Rove is right there with you. Key Performance Factors: Trail Tamer Equipped with a suspension fork, the Rove provides extra comfort and control, ready to tackle gravel and trails the moment you venture off the beaten path. Confident Cruiser Thanks to responsive, reliable disc brakes, you'll always have speed management at your fingertips, rain or shine. Practical Partner With integrated mounts for a rear cargo rack and a low standover height for easy mounting and dismounting, the Rove turns bike errands into a hassle-free experience.

Techs & Features Advanced Composite Technology Liv’s High-Performance Grade raw carbon material is used to produce this frameset in our own composite factory. Using state-of-the-art materials and manufacturing techniques, Liv’s Advanced-Grade Composite frames are designed to offer light weight and stiffness with optimal compliance. D-Fuse Seatpost The proprietary “D” shaped composite seatpost damps vibration, resulting in a smooth, compliant ride. OverDrive Designed to provide precise front-end steering performance, this fork steerer tube technology uses oversized headset bearings (1 1/4” lower and 1 1/8” upper for road, 1 1/2” lower and 1 1/8” upper for mountain) and tapered steerer tube work in conjunction to provide optimal steering stiffness. Tubeless System Engineered with proprietary Dynamic Balanced Lacing technology, this tubeless ready composite WheelSystem delivers superior efficiency, pinpoint control and comfort.

Ride easy and upright in complete comfort on the Zest, 21-speed ultra-plush comfort bike. When it comes to riding bikes, the IZIP Zest is as comfy as it gets and offers the traditional look of a double-diamond bike frame. Whether cruising the boardwalk, the campground or the bike path, this comfort bike is the definition of easy riding. The Zest puts the rider in an upright yet laid-back position for maximum comfort on the bike. Large 27.5 x 1.95 tires allow you to roll over the bumps with ease while keeping your speed up. Pedals with no-slip grip add to the all-day comfort, while classy graphics and reflective details add a refined look. Venture into a new level of comfort on the bike with the Zest Step Over.

Comfort, control, a breeze to ride. With an adjustable stem, suspension seatpost and grippy tires, Cypress makes it easy to experience the simple joy of riding a bike. With its lightweight yet durable ALUXX aluminum frame, upright positioning, and smooth-rolling 700c wheels, Cypress is an easy rider on all types of roads and paths. The suspension seatpost and cushioned saddle add comfort and control, so you'll barely notice those bumps and cracks in the road.

Comfort, control, a breeze to ride. With an adjustable stem, suspension seatpost and grippy tires, Cypress makes it easy to experience the simple joy of riding a bike. Smooth and stable - Lightweight, durable ALUXX aluminum frame designed with confident, balanced upright positioning. Comfort - Suspension seatpost and cushioned saddle soak up bumps and road vibrations. Adjustable stem makes it easy to find a confident, comfortable riding position. Easy rolling - Fast and efficient 700c wheels with grippy, high-volume (45mm) tires deliver a swift, confident ride quality on smooth or bumpy roads and paths.